Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety?

Journal of anxiety disorders. 2020;73:102239

Plain language summary

Besides the high infection and mortality rate, the COVID-19 pandemic also causes considerable psychological stress. Research from previous epidemics and pandemics found that health concerns and anxieties relating to a virus outbreak can have a significant psychological impact and have been linked to behaviours ineffective for disease prevention. Health anxiety exists on a spectrum from absent health awareness to pathological health anxiety or hypochondria. Unhelpful practices, such as excessive online information searching (cyberchondria) or doctor visits can amplify or sustain such anxieties. Furthermore, media consumption during a pandemic has been positively associated with anxiety, and so has been related to dysfunctional emotion regulation (i.e. ruminating, catastrophizing). So far, it was assumed that individuals with pre-existing health anxiety are particularly prone to experience virus anxiety with little numerical evidence to back this up. Hence this study sought to quantify whether during the COVID -19 pandemic, pre-existing health anxiety influenced levels of virus anxiety and whether there was a relationship between cyberchondria and virus anxiety. An online survey was conducted within the German population in March 2020 (N = 1615, female predominant, mean age of = 33.36 years) and data was collected using a series of questionnaires. The outcome was consistent with previous studies showing that about half of the participants reported moderate to severe anxiety associated with COVID-19, women being particularly affected. Predisposition to health anxiety and cyberchondria were consistently positively correlated to virus anxiety. Whereby being well informed and having coping strategies seemed to contribute to reduced levels of virus anxiety. The study may be of interest to those who seek evidence on the association between health anxiety and media consumption in relation to pandemic-associated anxiety.

Abstract

According to cognitive-behavioral models, traits, triggering events, cognitions, and adverse behaviors play a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of health anxiety. During virus outbreaks, anxiety is widespread. However, the role of trait health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the context of virus anxiety during the current COVID-19 pandemic has not yet been studied. An online survey was conducted in the German general population (N = 1615, 79.8 % female, Mage = 33.36 years, SD = 13.18) in mid-March 2020, which included questionnaires on anxiety associated with SARS-CoV-2, trait health anxiety, cyberchondriaPandemic (i.e. excessive online information search), and emotion regulation. The participants reported a significantly increasing virus anxiety in recent months (previous months recorded retrospectively), especially among individuals with heightened trait health anxiety. CyberchondriaPandemic showed positive correlations with current virus anxiety (r = .09-.48), and this relationship was additionally moderated by trait health anxiety. A negative correlation was found between the perception of being informed about the pandemic and the current virus anxiety (r=-.18), with adaptive emotion regulation being a significant moderator for this relationship. The findings suggest that trait health anxiety and cyberchondria serve as risk factors, whereas information about the pandemic and adaptive emotion regulation might represent buffering factors for anxiety during a virus pandemic.

Lifestyle medicine

Fundamental Clinical Imbalances : Neurological
Patient Centred Factors : Antecedents/Health anxiety
Environmental Inputs : Psychosocial influences ; Mind and spirit
Personal Lifestyle Factors : Stress and resilience ; Psychological
Functional Laboratory Testing : Not applicable

Methodological quality

Jadad score : Not applicable
Allocation concealment : Not applicable
Publication Type : Journal Article

Metadata